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Bibliographic Citation GuideThese guidelines are based on the Modern Language Association
(MLA) style outlined in the 5th edition of the MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers (1999). A copy of this handbook is
available in the Prospect Sierra library.
Documenting Sources in Your Research PaperAny research paper is based on material from numerous sources. It is always necessary to acknowledge and document these sources. The purpose of this documentation is 1) to give the reader the information necessary to identify and locate the material cited and 2) to give credit to the people whose work you have used. In general, the following sources should be documented:
Failure to acknowledge these sources is plagiarism. If you have any doubt, cite your sources. The Bibliography, or Works Cited, is a list of all the resources — books, magazines, web sites, etc. — that you used in preparing your research paper. Include only those resources that were useful to you; sources that you consulted but rejected should not be included. While there are several different bibliographic format styles, you will be using the guidelines developed by the Modern Language Association (MLA) in the 5th edition of their MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999). Points to Remember:
*The word ““bibliography” means literally ““description of books.” Because most research papers these days require the use of print, nonprint, and electronic resources, I suggest using the MLA preferred terminology, ““Works Cited” or ““Works Consulted.” MLA Documentation StyleMLA uses the parenthetical author/page number documentation style to cite the source of an idea or a quotation. The citation appears in the text of the research paper. As you will see in the following examples, this type of citation, along with the bibliography, gives the reader all the information necessary to locate the cited source.
(Marcuse 197) tells the reader that this fact, which is not common knowledge, appears on page 197 of a work by an author with the last name Marcuse. It refers the reader to the following entry in the bibliography:
If your bibliography includes more than one work by the same author, your citation should include the author's last name followed by a comma, a shortened title and the page number (Marcuse, Survey 197). If the information you are citing comes from a work without an author, use the word that begins the entry in the bibliography followed by the page number.
(“Mandarin” 245) tells the reader that this quoted information appears on page 245 of an article entitled ““Mandarin.” It refers the reader to the following entry in the bibliography:
Short QuotationsMLA defines a short quotation as prose of no more than four lines or verse of no more than three lines. Short quotations should be put in quotation marks and incorporated in the text of the paper.
Note: If the author's name is included in the text, you need not repeat it in the citation.
Long QuotationsQuotations longer than those described in the previous section should be set off from the text by beginning a new line and indenting ten spaces from the left-hand margin. The quotation should be double-spaced, without quotation marks.
Note: A citation for a long quotation comes after the closing punctuation of the quotation. A Note About Footnotes/EndnotesFootnotes/endnotes are unnecessary when the MLA documentation style described previously is used. If, however, you wish to supply comment, explanation, or other information that you do not want to include in the text of your paper, a content note or bibliographic note may be used. To include this kind of supplementary information, place a super-script arabic numeral at the appropriate place in the text and write the note after a matching numeral either at the end of the text (endnote) or at the bottom of the page (footnote). See Section 5.5 of the MLA Handbook.
The citations in the note refer to the following entries in the bibliography:
Points to Remember:
Bibliographic Format Guide OutlineClick links below to go to instructions and examples. Print Resources
Miscellaneous Resources (including maps, photographs, films, etc. )
Electronic Resources
Bibliographic Format Guide — MLA StylePrint ResourcesBooksBook by One AuthorAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Notes: 1) If several cities of publication are listed, cite only the first. If the name of the city could be ambiguous or is unfamiliar, use standard abbreviation for state (e.g. , Richmond, VA). For cities outside the U.S., add abbreviation for country (e.g. , Manchester, Eng.) See MLA Handbook, Section 6.3, for abbreviations of geographic names. 2) Cite most recent year of publication. Book by Two or Three AuthorsFirst Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, and Second Author's First Name Second Author's Last Name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Adapt this format for book with three authors. Book by More Than Three AuthorsFirst Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, et al. Title of Book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Book with EditorEditor's Last Name, Editor's First Name, ed. Title of Book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Single Work from an AnthologyTo cite an essay, short story, poem, or other work that appears in an anthology or other collection, see MLA Handbook , Section 4.6.7. Reference Sources (print only)For CD-ROM Encyclopedia, see III/A; for Online Encyclopedia, see III/B. Encyclopedia Article (Signed)Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. ““Title of Article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition. Year of Publication.
Note: If edition is the same as year of publication, it is not necessary to repeat the year. Encyclopedia Article (Unsigned)““Title of Article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Edition. Year of Publication.
Note: If edition is the same as year of publication, it is not necessary to repeat the year. One-Volume Encyclopedia ArticleCitations for one-volume encyclopedias or less familiar reference books require more information than the standard encyclopedia citation. Cite as follows: ““Title of Article.” Name of Encyclopedia. Ed. Name of Editor. City of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
PeriodicalsMagazine ArticleAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine Date Month Year: Pages.
Note: If article is not printed on consecutive pages, cite first page with +. Newspaper ArticleAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper Date Month Year, Edition: Pages.
InterviewLast Name of Person Interviewed, First Name of Person Interviewed. Type of Interview (Personal or Telephone). Date Month Year.
Miscellaneous Print and Nonprint ResourcesTo cite a television or radio program, a sound recording; a film or video recording; a performance; a musical composition; a painting, sculpture, or photograph; a map or chart; a cartoon; an advertisement; a lecture or speech; a letter; a legal source; or any other unspecified resource, consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 5th edition, available in the Prospect Sierra library. Electronic ResourcesCD-ROMAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name (if given). “Title of Article.” Title of Publication. Publication Medium (CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tape). Edition, Release or Version. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Reference DatabasesAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name (if given). “Title of Article.” Name of Database. Electronic Publication Information, including Version Number. Date of Electronic Publication (or of latest upgrade). Name of Sponsoring Institution or Organization. Date of Access and Network Address.
Web PagesCitations for online resources should accomplish exactly what those for print material do — enable the reader to locate the resource cited. Therefore, online citations must include, at the very least, the name of the site, the date of access (the date you visited the site), and the network address. Make sure that you supply the network address of the actual site you used, NOT the address of the search engine that got you there. For example, the network address of a site on Julia Morgan should read <http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/cues/morgan.html>, NOT <http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&Ir=&oe+ISO-8859-1&9=Julia+Morgan>. Scholarly ProjectTitle of Project. Name of Project Editor (if given). Date of Electronic Publication. Name of Sponsoring Institution or Organization. Date of Access and Network Address.
Professional SiteName of Site. Date of Electronic Publication. Name of Associated Institution or Organization. Date of Access and Network Address.
Personal SiteAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. Name of site. Date of Access and Network Address. Example:Dawe, James. Jane Austen Page. 15 Sept. 1998 <http://nyquist.ee.ualberta.ca/~dawe/austen.html>. Note: If the site does not have a name, use description such as Home Page (neither underlined nor in quotation marks). Periodical DatabasesOnline Magazine ArticleAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine Date Month Year. Date of Access and Network Address.
Online Newspaper ArticleAuthor's Last Name, Author's First Name. ““Title of Article.”” Name of Newspaper Date Month Year. Date of Access and Network Address.
Other Electronic ResourcesTo cite a television or radio program, a sound recording, a film, a painting, a sculpture, a photograph, an interview, a map, a cartoon, an advertisement, an e-mail communication, or an online communication, consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 5th Edition, available in the Prospect Sierra library. The preceding citation examples are taken from: Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1999. |
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